:root{--paper:#f7f7f2;--white:#fff;--ink:#172229;--muted:#5f6c70;--line:#d9dedb;--blue:#2d5bd1;--blue-dark:#2446a6;--blue-wash:#eaf0ff;--sage:#dfe9e1;--serif:"Iowan Old Style","Baskerville","Palatino Linotype",Georgia,serif;--sans:"Helvetica Neue",Arial,sans-serif}
*{box-sizing:border-box}
html{scroll-behavior:smooth}
body{margin:0;background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink);font-family:var(--sans);font-size:16px;line-height:1.55;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}
img{max-width:100%;display:block}
a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}
button,a{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}
a:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:5px}
::selection{background:#c7d7ff;color:var(--ink)}
.shell{width:min(100% - 96px,1320px);margin-inline:auto}
.skip-link{position:absolute;top:-100px;left:20px;z-index:100;background:var(--ink);color:white;padding:12px 18px}.skip-link:focus{top:12px}
.site-header{position:relative;z-index:10;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(23,34,41,.12);background:rgba(247,247,242,.95)}
.header-inner{height:88px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:36px}
.brand{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:650;letter-spacing:-.025em}
.brand-name{font-size:17px}
.site-nav{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:38px;font-size:13px;font-weight:600}
.site-nav a{position:relative;padding:8px 0;white-space:nowrap}
.site-nav a:after{content:"";position:absolute;left:0;right:100%;bottom:3px;height:1px;background:var(--blue);transition:right .25s ease}
.site-nav a:hover:after,.site-nav a.is-current:after{right:0}
.site-nav a.is-current{color:var(--blue)}
.header-contact{font-size:13px;font-weight:600;color:var(--blue);white-space:nowrap}.header-contact span,.text-link span,.inline-link span,.button span{display:inline-block;transition:transform .25s ease}.header-contact:hover span,.text-link:hover span,.inline-link:hover span,.button:hover span{transform:translate(3px,-3px)}
.hero{position:relative;min-height:718px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.3fr) minmax(340px,.7fr);align-items:center;gap:4%;padding-block:80px 116px}
.hero-content{position:relative;z-index:1;max-width:740px;padding-bottom:32px}
.eyebrow,.section-kicker{font-size:11px;line-height:1.4;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase}
.eyebrow{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;color:var(--blue);margin:0 0 27px}.eyebrow-line{width:25px;height:1px;background:var(--blue)}
h1,h2,h3,h4,p{margin-top:0}
.hero h1,.publication-hero h1{font-size:clamp(70px,6.8vw,111px);line-height:.98;letter-spacing:-.075em;font-weight:600;margin:0 0 34px}
.hero h1 em,.publication-hero h1 em,.about-section h2 em{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:400;color:var(--blue);letter-spacing:-.06em}.hero-dot{color:var(--blue)}
.hero-deck{max-width:540px;color:#4b585d;font-size:20px;line-height:1.52;letter-spacing:-.018em;margin-bottom:30px}
.hero-actions{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:30px}
.button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:28px;min-height:51px;padding:0 20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;border:1px solid transparent;transition:background .22s ease,color .22s ease,transform .22s ease;white-space:nowrap}
.button:hover{transform:translateY(-2px)}.button-primary{background:var(--blue);color:#fff}.button-primary:hover{background:var(--blue-dark)}.button-light{background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink)}.button-light:hover{background:#fff}
.text-link,.inline-link{font-size:13px;font-weight:700;border-bottom:1px solid currentColor;padding-bottom:5px;white-space:nowrap}.text-link:hover,.inline-link:hover{color:var(--blue)}
.hero-art{position:relative;height:min(34vw,470px);min-height:380px;background:transparent;overflow:hidden}
.feature-visual:before{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(74,104,130,.07) 1px,transparent 1px),linear-gradient(to bottom,rgba(74,104,130,.07) 1px,transparent 1px);background-size:42px 42px;pointer-events:none}
.point-cloud-fallback{position:absolute!important;inset:0!important;width:100%!important;height:100%!important;object-fit:contain;opacity:1;transition:opacity .4s ease}.point-cloud-canvas{position:absolute;inset:0;z-index:2;width:100%;height:100%;opacity:0;transition:opacity .4s ease}.point-cloud-ready .point-cloud-canvas{opacity:1}.point-cloud-ready .point-cloud-fallback{opacity:0}
.art-topline,.art-bottomline,.visual-caption{position:absolute;z-index:4;left:23px;right:23px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;font-size:9px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.16em;color:#627689}.art-topline,.visual-caption{top:20px}.art-bottomline{bottom:20px}
.hero-index{position:absolute;bottom:35px;left:0;right:0;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px;font-size:10px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.14em;color:#859093}
.credibility-band{border-block:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff}.credibility-inner{min-height:84px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:22px;white-space:nowrap}.credibility-inner>span:not(.band-label){font-size:17px;letter-spacing:-.04em;font-weight:600;color:#7a878b}.credibility-inner>span:nth-last-child(3){letter-spacing:-.07em}.band-label{font-size:10px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.14em;color:var(--blue)}
.work-section{padding-block:125px 142px}.section-heading{margin-bottom:47px}.section-kicker{color:var(--blue);margin-bottom:23px}.heading-row{display:flex;align-items:end;justify-content:space-between;gap:40px}.heading-row h2,.research-intro h2,.about-section h2{font-size:clamp(49px,5vw,74px);line-height:1.03;letter-spacing:-.065em;font-weight:600;margin:0}.heading-row p{font-size:17px;line-height:1.52;color:var(--muted);max-width:315px;margin:0 0 8px}
.work-feature{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.2fr .8fr;min-height:535px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);margin-bottom:24px;overflow:hidden}.feature-copy{padding:53px clamp(42px,5vw,76px) 46px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:start}.feature-overline{width:100%;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;color:#819093;font-size:10px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.13em;margin-bottom:61px}.chapter-number{display:grid;place-items:center;border:1px solid #bac8c5;border-radius:50%;width:29px;height:29px;color:var(--blue);letter-spacing:0}.company-name{font-size:13px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.01em;margin-bottom:14px}.company-role{font-weight:400;color:#79858a}.feature-copy h3{font-size:clamp(35px,3.5vw,51px);line-height:1.08;letter-spacing:-.055em;font-weight:600;max-width:540px;margin-bottom:22px}.feature-copy>p:not(.company-name){max-width:535px;color:var(--muted);font-size:15px;line-height:1.66;margin-bottom:23px}.feature-proof{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:17px;margin-top:auto;border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:18px;width:100%}.feature-proof strong{font-size:28px;letter-spacing:-.07em;color:var(--blue);line-height:1}.feature-proof span{font-size:11px;line-height:1.4;color:var(--muted);max-width:145px}.feature-copy>.inline-link{margin-top:auto}
.feature-visual{position:relative;display:grid;place-items:center;overflow:hidden;border-left:1px solid var(--line)}.feature-visual img:not(.point-cloud-fallback){position:relative;z-index:1;width:92%;height:92%;object-fit:contain;transition:transform .65s cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1)}.work-feature:hover .feature-visual img:not(.point-cloud-fallback){transform:scale(1.035)}.visual-dandy{background:#eaf0f1}.visual-process{background:#edf0e9}.visual-note{position:absolute;bottom:20px;left:23px;z-index:4;font-size:9px;letter-spacing:.04em;color:#718186}.work-feature-celonis{min-height:470px}.work-feature-celonis .feature-overline{margin-bottom:45px}
.work-subsection{display:flex;align-items:end;justify-content:space-between;padding:100px 0 30px}.work-subsection .section-kicker{margin-bottom:9px}.work-subsection h3{font-size:34px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:-.055em;line-height:1.1;margin:0}.earlier-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:21px}.earlier-card{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);min-height:474px;padding:24px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;transition:transform .25s ease,border-color .25s ease}.earlier-card:hover{transform:translateY(-4px);border-color:#b7c4c7}.earlier-card-top{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;color:#728087;font-size:10px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.12em}.earlier-visual{height:160px;margin:24px 0 27px;background:#f3f6f7;overflow:hidden;display:grid;place-items:center}.earlier-card:nth-child(2) .earlier-visual{background:#f4f3ed}.earlier-card:nth-child(3) .earlier-visual{background:#eff3ef}.earlier-visual img{height:100%;width:100%;object-fit:contain}.earlier-card h4{font-size:24px;line-height:1.15;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:-.04em;margin-bottom:13px}.earlier-card p{font-size:13px;line-height:1.6;color:var(--muted);margin-bottom:25px}.earlier-role{margin-top:auto;padding-top:16px;border-top:1px solid var(--line);font-size:11px;color:#7a8589}
.research-section{background:#e9eee9;color:var(--ink);padding-block:110px 116px}.research-inner{display:grid;grid-template-columns:.82fr 1.18fr;gap:10%}.research-intro h2{font-size:clamp(46px,4.6vw,68px);max-width:510px;margin-bottom:26px}.research-intro>p:not(.section-kicker){max-width:440px;color:var(--muted);font-size:16px;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:31px}.research-list{border-top:1px solid #c8d5ce}.research-list a{display:grid;grid-template-columns:76px 1fr 20px;gap:20px;align-items:start;padding:24px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #c8d5ce;transition:color .2s ease}.research-list a:hover{color:var(--blue)}.research-list a>span:first-child{color:#667875;font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.05em}.research-list small{display:block;margin-top:8px;font-size:9px;letter-spacing:.07em;color:#748882}.research-list strong{font-size:18px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-.03em;font-weight:500}.research-list a>span:last-child{text-align:right;font-size:19px;line-height:1}
.about-section{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr .72fr;gap:8%;padding-block:135px 150px}.about-section h2{font-size:clamp(45px,4.6vw,70px)}.about-copy{padding-top:48px}.about-copy p{color:var(--muted);font-size:16px;line-height:1.7;margin-bottom:19px}.about-copy .inline-link{display:inline-block;margin-top:13px}
.site-footer{background:#e9eee8;border-top:1px solid #d7e0da}.footer-inner{padding-block:92px 31px}.site-footer .section-kicker{margin-bottom:20px}.site-footer h2{font-size:clamp(43px,4.5vw,68px);line-height:1.04;letter-spacing:-.065em;font-weight:600;margin-bottom:21px}.footer-email{display:inline-block;font-size:22px;letter-spacing:-.035em;border-bottom:1px solid var(--ink);padding-bottom:6px}.footer-email:hover{color:var(--blue);border-color:var(--blue)}.footer-bottom{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;border-top:1px solid #c9d6ce;margin-top:105px;padding-top:23px;font-size:11px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:.04em;color:#667575}.footer-bottom>div{display:flex;gap:27px}.footer-bottom a:hover{color:var(--blue)}
.publication-main{padding-top:105px;padding-bottom:130px}.publication-hero{padding-bottom:67px}.publication-hero h1{max-width:860px;margin:0 0 36px}.publication-hero-bottom{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:end;gap:60px}.publication-hero-bottom p{font-size:19px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--muted);max-width:500px;margin:0}.publication-note{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;border-top:1px solid var(--ink);padding:18px 0 30px;color:#728185;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.12em;font-weight:700}.publication-year{display:grid;grid-template-columns:25% 1fr;gap:25px;padding:23px 0 40px;border-top:1px solid var(--line)}.publication-year h2{font-family:var(--serif);color:var(--blue);font-size:46px;font-weight:400;line-height:1;margin:0}.publication-items{border-top:1px solid var(--line)}.publication-item{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:35px;padding:25px 0 28px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}.publication-item:hover h3,.publication-item:hover .publication-arrow{color:var(--blue)}.publication-venue{font-size:10px;color:var(--blue);font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase}.publication-item h3{font-size:23px;line-height:1.24;letter-spacing:-.04em;font-weight:600;max-width:800px;margin:8px 0 9px;transition:color .2s ease}.publication-item p{font-size:12px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--muted);margin:0}.publication-arrow{font-size:23px;line-height:1;transition:color .2s ease}.publication-end{margin-left:calc(25% + 25px);padding-top:12px}.publication-end p{font-size:15px;color:var(--muted);margin-bottom:14px}.site-footer-compact .footer-inner{padding-block:78px 30px}.site-footer-compact .footer-bottom{margin-top:80px}
@media(max-width:1100px){.shell{width:min(100% - 64px,1320px)}.site-nav{gap:20px}.hero{min-height:640px}.hero h1{font-size:clamp(61px,7vw,88px)}.credibility-inner{flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:flex-start;padding-block:18px;gap:13px 28px}.credibility-inner>span:not(.band-label){font-size:15px}.band-label{width:100%}.feature-copy{padding:40px}.feature-overline{margin-bottom:37px}.earlier-card{min-height:500px}}
@media(max-width:760px){.shell{width:min(100% - 36px,1320px)}.header-inner{height:auto;min-height:74px;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:4px 18px;padding-block:15px}.brand-name{font-size:15px}.header-contact{display:none}.site-nav{width:100%;gap:22px;overflow:auto;font-size:12px;order:2}.hero{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:stretch;gap:36px;min-height:0;padding-block:73px 82px}.hero-content{padding:0}.hero h1,.publication-hero h1{font-size:clamp(55px,12vw,84px)}.hero-deck{font-size:17px}.hero-art{height:360px;min-height:0}.hero-index{bottom:18px}.credibility-inner{gap:12px 20px}.work-section{padding-block:80px}.heading-row{display:block}.heading-row h2{margin-bottom:20px}.work-feature{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.feature-copy{padding:33px 28px 32px}.feature-overline{margin-bottom:45px}.feature-copy h3{font-size:38px}.feature-visual{height:360px;border-left:0;border-top:1px solid var(--line)}.work-subsection{padding-top:65px}.earlier-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.earlier-card{min-height:0}.earlier-visual{height:200px}.research-section{padding-block:80px}.research-inner{display:block}.research-intro{margin-bottom:55px}.about-section{display:block;padding-block:80px}.about-copy{padding-top:35px}.footer-inner{padding-top:70px}.footer-bottom{margin-top:70px;align-items:flex-start;gap:20px;flex-direction:column}.publication-main{padding-top:72px;padding-bottom:80px}.publication-hero-bottom{display:block}.publication-hero-bottom p{margin-bottom:25px}.publication-year{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:14px}.publication-year h2{font-size:37px}.publication-end{margin-left:0}}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:no-preference){.js [data-reveal]{opacity:0;transform:translateY(23px);transition:opacity .7s ease,transform .7s ease}.js [data-reveal].is-visible{opacity:1;transform:none}}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){html{scroll-behavior:auto}*,*:before,*:after{animation-duration:.01ms!important;transition-duration:.01ms!important}}

/* The two lead chapters use the diagrams as a shared background. */
.work-feature-dandy,.work-feature-celonis{position:relative;display:block;isolation:isolate}
.work-feature-dandy{background:linear-gradient(105deg,#fff 42%,#f0f5f4 100%)}
.work-feature-celonis{background:linear-gradient(105deg,#fff 42%,#f1f5f0 100%)}
.work-feature-dandy .feature-copy,.work-feature-celonis .feature-copy{position:relative;z-index:4;width:64%;min-height:535px;background:transparent}
.work-feature-celonis .feature-copy{min-height:470px}
.work-feature-dandy .feature-visual,.work-feature-celonis .feature-visual{position:absolute;inset:0;z-index:1;display:block;border:0;background:transparent}
.work-feature-dandy .feature-visual:before,.work-feature-celonis .feature-visual:before{opacity:.45}
.work-feature-dandy .feature-visual:after,.work-feature-celonis .feature-visual:after{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0;z-index:3;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#fff 37%,rgba(255,255,255,.97) 48%,rgba(255,255,255,.58) 59%,transparent 77%);pointer-events:none}
.work-feature-dandy .visual-caption,.work-feature-celonis .visual-caption{left:auto;right:23px;width:230px}
.work-feature-dandy .visual-note,.work-feature-celonis .visual-note{left:auto;right:23px}
.visual-dandy .point-cloud-fallback{object-position:90% center;opacity:.7}
.visual-dandy.point-cloud-ready .point-cloud-fallback{opacity:0}
.feature-visual img.flow-fallback{position:absolute;left:auto;right:0;top:0;width:48%;height:100%;object-fit:contain;opacity:.7;transition:opacity .4s ease}
.flow-canvas{position:absolute;inset:0;z-index:2;width:100%;height:100%;opacity:0;transition:opacity .4s ease}
.flow-ready .flow-canvas{opacity:1}
.flow-ready .flow-fallback{opacity:0!important}

.hero-credential{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px 24px;max-width:650px;margin-top:46px;padding-top:15px;border-top:1px solid var(--line);font-size:11px;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:.02em;color:#657478}
.hero-credential strong{color:var(--ink);font-weight:700}
.research-scholar:hover{color:var(--blue)}
.phd-feature{position:relative;overflow:hidden;margin-top:72px;padding:27px clamp(32px,4vw,58px) 46px;border:1px solid #ced9e6;background:linear-gradient(112deg,#f4f6fa 42%,#e7eef7 100%)}
.phd-feature:after{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0 0 0 55%;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(75,110,167,.055) 1px,transparent 1px),linear-gradient(to bottom,rgba(75,110,167,.055) 1px,transparent 1px);background-size:37px 37px;pointer-events:none}
.phd-feature-top{position:relative;z-index:1;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px;padding-bottom:44px;color:#6d8092;font-size:10px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.13em}
.phd-feature-body{position:relative;z-index:1;display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.15fr) minmax(250px,.6fr);gap:8%}
.phd-feature-copy .company-name{margin-bottom:14px}
.phd-feature-copy h3{max-width:620px;margin:0 0 20px;font-size:clamp(35px,3.6vw,51px);font-weight:600;line-height:1.09;letter-spacing:-.055em}
.phd-feature-copy>p:not(.company-name){max-width:610px;color:var(--muted);font-size:15px;line-height:1.67;margin-bottom:28px}
.phd-links{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:28px;padding-top:7px}
.phd-feature-detail{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:space-between;border-left:1px solid #cbd7e4;padding-left:35px}
.phd-type{display:block;font-family:var(--serif);font-size:clamp(80px,9vw,139px);font-style:italic;line-height:.85;letter-spacing:-.09em;color:#b7c8e2;white-space:nowrap}
.phd-award{border-top:1px solid #cbd7e4;padding-top:19px;max-width:250px}
.phd-award>span{display:block;color:var(--blue);font-size:10px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.13em;margin-bottom:6px}
.phd-award strong{display:block;font-size:18px;line-height:1.2;letter-spacing:-.03em;margin-bottom:7px}
.phd-award small{display:block;color:var(--muted);font-size:11px;line-height:1.4}
.research-scholar{display:inline-block;margin-left:20px;border-bottom:1px solid currentColor;padding-bottom:5px;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;white-space:nowrap}

@media(max-width:760px){
  .work-feature-dandy,.work-feature-celonis{display:flex;flex-direction:column}
  .work-feature-dandy .feature-copy,.work-feature-celonis .feature-copy{width:100%;min-height:0}
  .work-feature-dandy .feature-visual,.work-feature-celonis .feature-visual{position:relative;inset:auto;width:100%;height:320px;border-top:1px solid var(--line)}
  .work-feature-dandy .feature-visual:after,.work-feature-celonis .feature-visual:after{display:none}
  .work-feature-dandy .visual-caption,.work-feature-celonis .visual-caption{left:23px;right:23px;width:auto}
  .visual-dandy .point-cloud-fallback{object-position:center}
  .feature-visual img.flow-fallback{width:100%}
  .hero-credential{flex-direction:column;gap:2px;max-width:100%;margin-top:31px}
  .phd-feature{margin-top:48px;padding:25px 28px 35px}
  .phd-feature-top{padding-bottom:32px}
  .phd-feature-body{display:block}
  .phd-feature-detail{border-left:0;border-top:1px solid #cbd7e4;padding:26px 0 0;margin-top:35px;gap:30px}
  .phd-type{font-size:82px}
  .research-scholar{margin:20px 0 0}
}